On September 29 2021, a study published in the US PubMed and NIH ( National Institute of Health - Division National Library of Medicine ) provided - with referral to 141 other studies - evidence of a direct link between Covid19 and exposure to radio frequencies, including 5G.
Although the study has already been the subject of five peer reviews by other scientists who contradict and attempt to refute the conclusions of the scientific authors, the study has not been removed as of today and is still freely consultable.
Below is a summary of the most relevant content of the aforementioned study.
1. SUBJECT
Public health policy on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has focused on the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its effects on public health, while environmental factors have been largely ignored.
Given the epidemiological triad (agent-host-environment) that applies to all diseases, we examined a possible environmental factor in the COVID-19 pandemic: radiofrequency radiation from wireless communication systems, including microwaves and millimetre waves.
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic, surfaced in Wuhan, China, shortly after the introduction of city-wide (fifth-generation [5G] wireless communication radiation [WCR]), and rapidly spread worldwide, initially showing a statistical correlation with international communities with recently deployed 5G networks.
In this study, we reviewed the peer-reviewed scientific literature on the adverse bio-effects of WCR and identified several mechanisms by which WCR, as an environmental toxic factor, may have contributed to the COVID-19 pandemic. Crossing the boundaries between the disciplines of biophysics and pathophysiology, we present evidence that WCR:
(1) induces morphological changes in erythrocytes, including the formation of echinocytes and rouleaux that may contribute to hypercoagulation; (2) impairs microcirculation and lowers erythrocyte and haemoglobin levels, exacerbating hypoxia;
(3) enhance immune system dysfunction, including immunosuppression, autoimmunity and hyperinflammation;
(4) increase cellular oxidative stress and free radical production, resulting in vascular and organ damage;
(5) increase intracellular Ca2+ essential for virus entry, replication and release, in addition to promoting pro-inflammatory pathways; and
(6) exacerbating cardiac arrhythmias and heart disease.
In short, WCR has become a pervasive environmental stressor that we believe may have contributed to adverse health outcomes of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and increased the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic.
2. PURPOSE
As we are on the verge of global deployment of 5G, it is crucial to consider the adverse health effects of WCR before potentially harming the public.
5G is a protocol that will use high frequency bands and extended bandwidths of the electromagnetic spectrum in the vast radio frequency range from 600 MHz to nearly 100 GHz, including millimetre waves (>20 GHz), in addition to the currently used third-generation (3G) and fourth-generation (4G) long-term evolution (LTE) microwave bands. Frequency allocations for 5G vary from country to country. Focused pulsed radiation beams will come from new base stations and phased array antennas placed close to buildings when individuals access the 5G network. As these high frequencies are strongly absorbed by the atmosphere and especially in rain, the range of a transmitter is limited to 300 metres. Therefore, 5G requires base stations and antennas to be much closer together than in previous generations. Moreover, satellites in space will broadcast 5G bands worldwide to create a wireless worldwide web. The new system therefore requires significant densification of 4G infrastructure and new 5G antennas that could dramatically increase the population's exposure to WCR both inside and outside structures.
About 100 000 transmitting satellites are planned to be placed in orbit. This infrastructure will significantly change the world's electromagnetic environment to unprecedented levels and may have unknown effects on the entire biosphere, including humans. The new infrastructure will serve new 5G devices, including 5G mobile phones, routers, computers, tablets, self-driving vehicles, machine-to-machine communications and the Internet of Things.
The global industry standard for 5G is set by the 3G Partnership Project (3GPP), an umbrella term for several organisations developing standard protocols for mobile telecommunications. The 5G standard specifies all key aspects of the technology, including frequency spectrum allocation, beamforming, beam steering, multiplexing multiple in, multiple out schemes and modulation schemes. 5G will use 64 to 256 antennas at short distances to serve a large number of devices within a cell almost simultaneously. The latest final 5G standard, Release 16, is codified in technical report TR 21.916 published by 3GPP and can be downloaded from the 3GPP server at https://www.3gpp.org/specifications
Engineers claim that 5G will offer performance up to 10 times that of current 4G networks.
COVID-19 began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, shortly after citywide 5G went "live", i.e. became an operational system, on 31 October 2019. COVID-19 outbreaks quickly followed in other areas where 5G had also been at least partially implemented, including South Korea, northern Italy, New York City, Seattle and southern California. In May 2020, Mordachev ( study ) reported a statistically significant correlation between radiofrequency radiation intensity and SARS-CoV-2 mortality in 31 countries around the world. During the first pandemic wave in the United States, cases and deaths attributed to COVID-19 were statistically higher in states and major cities with 5G infrastructure compared to states and cities that did not yet have this technology ( study ).
There is a large body of peer-reviewed literature, since before World War II, on the biological effects of WCR affecting many aspects of our health. In reviewing this literature, we found common ground between the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and the adverse bio-effects of WCR exposure. Here, we present evidence that WCR is a possible factor exacerbating COVID-19.
3. OVERVIEW OF THE BIO-EFFECTS OF WCR RADIATION
Organisms are electrochemical creatures. Low-level WCR from devices including basic mobile phone antennas, wireless network protocols used for local device networks and Internet access, referred to by the Wi-Fi Alliance as Wi-Fi (officially IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence protocol; IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers), and mobile phones, can interfere with the regulation of numerous physiological functions. Non-thermal bio-effects (below the power density causing tissue heating) of very low exposure to WCR have been reported in numerous peer-reviewed scientific publications at power densities below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) exposure guidelines [study].
Low-level WCR has been shown to affect the organism at all levels, from the molecular to the cellular, physiological, behavioural and psychological levels. Moreover, it has been shown to cause systemic adverse health effects, including increased risk of cancer [study], endocrine changes( study ), increased production of free radicals [study], damage to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) [study], changes in the reproductive system [study], learning and memory disorders [study] and neurological disorders [study]. Since organisms have evolved within Earth's extremely low natural radio-frequency background, they are unable to adapt to elevated levels of unnatural radiation from wireless communication technology with digital modulation that includes short intense pulses (bursts).
Evidence of adverse bio-effects of exposure to WCR, including 5G frequencies, over several decades has been found in the peer-reviewed scientific world literature. Soviet and Eastern literature from 1960 to 1970 shows significant biological effects even at exposure levels more than 1000 times lower than 1 mW/cm2, the current guideline for maximum public exposure in the US. Eastern studies on animals and humans were conducted at low exposure levels (<1 mW/cm2) for long periods of time (usually months). Western literature has also documented adverse bio-effects from WCR exposure levels of less than 0.001 mW/cm2. Damage to human sperm viability, including DNA fragmentation, from internet-connected laptop computers at power densities of 0.0005 to 0.001 mW/cm2 has been reported [study]. Chronic human exposure to 0.000006 - 0.00001 mW/cm2 caused significant changes in human stress hormones after the installation of a mobile phone base station [23]. Human exposure to mobile phone radiation of 0.00001 - 0.00005 mW/cm2 resulted in complaints of headaches, neurological problems, sleep problems and concentration difficulties, consistent with "microwave disease" [2 studies ]. The effects of WCR on prenatal development in mice placed near an "antenna park" and exposed to power densities of 0.000168 to 0.001053 mW/cm2 showed a progressive decrease in the number of newborns and ended in irreversible infertility [study]. Most US research has been conducted for short periods of weeks or less. Few long-term studies in animals or humans have been conducted in recent years.
Illness due to exposure to WCR has been documented since the early use of radar. Long-term exposure to microwaves and millimetre waves from radar was associated by Russian scientists decades ago with several conditions called "radio-wave disease". A wide variety of bio-effects of non-thermal power densities of WCR were reported by Soviet research groups since the 1960s. A bibliography of more than 3 700 references on the reported biological effects in the world scientific literature was published by the US Naval Medical Research Institute in 1972 (revised in 1976) [2 studies]. Several relevant Russian studies are summarised as follows. Studies on cultures of Escherichia coli bacteria show power density windows for microwave resonance effects for 51.755 GHz stimulation of bacterial growth, observed at extremely low power densities of 10-13 mW/cm2 [29], illustrating a bioeffect at extremely low levels. More recent Russian studies confirmed previous results by Soviet research groups on the effects of 2.45 GHz at 0.5 mW/cm2 on rats (30-day exposure for 7 hours/day), showing antibody formation against the brain (autoimmune response) and stress reactions [30]. In a long-term study (1 - 4 years) comparing children using mobile phones with a control group, functional changes were reported, including greater fatigue, decreased voluntary attention and weakening of semantic memory, among other adverse psychophysiological changes [study]. Key Russian research reports underlying the scientific basis for the Soviet and Russian guidelines for WCR exposure to protect the population, which are much lower than US guidelines, have been summarised [study].
For comparison with the exposure levels used in these studies, we measured the ambient level of WCR from 100 MHz to 8 GHz in downtown San Francisco, California, in December 2020, and found an average power density of 0.0002 mW/cm2. This level results from the superposition of multiple WCR devices. It is about 2 × 1010 times above the natural background.
Pulsed radiofrequency radiation such as WCR exhibits substantially different bio-effects, both qualitatively and quantitatively (generally more pronounced) than continuous waves at similar time-averaged power densities (2 studies). The specific interaction mechanisms are not well understood. All types of wireless communication use extremely low frequencies (ELFs) in modulating radio-frequency carrier signals, usually pulses to increase the capacity of the transmitted information. This combination of radiofrequency radiation with ELF modulation(s) is generally more bioactive, as it is believed that organisms cannot easily adapt to such rapidly changing waveforms [4 studies]. Therefore, studies on the bioeffects of WCR should take into account the presence of ELF components of radiofrequency waves through pulsing or other modulations. Unfortunately, the reporting of such modulations has been unreliable, especially in older studies [study].
The BioInitiative Report [study], prepared by 29 experts from 10 countries, and updated in 2020, provides a scientific contemporary summary of the literature on the bioeffects and health consequences of exposure to WCR, including a compendium of supporting research. Recent reviews have been published [2 studies]. Two comprehensive reviews on the bio-effects of millimetre waves report that even short-term exposure produces clear bio-effects [2 studies].
4. METHODS
An ongoing literature review was conducted on the unfolding pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2. To investigate a possible link with bio-effects of WCR exposure, we examined more than 250 peer-reviewed research papers from 1969 to 2021, including reviews and studies on cells, animals and humans. We included the English-language and English-translated world literature on radio frequencies from 600 MHz to 90 GHz, the carrier spectrum of WCR (2G to 5G), with particular emphasis on non-thermal, low power densities (<1 mW/cm2), and long-term exposure. The following search terms were used in searches in MEDLINE® and the Defense Technical Information Center (https://discover.dtic. mil ) to find relevant research reports: radiofrequency radiation, microwave, millimetre wave, radar, MHz, GHz, blood, red blood cell, erythrocyte, haemoglobin, haemodynamic, oxygen, hypoxia, vascular, inflammation, pro-inflammatory, immune, lymphocyte, T-cell, cytokine, intracellular calcium, sympathetic function, arrhythmia, cardiac, cardiovascular, oxidative stress, glutathione, reactive oxygen species (ROS), COVID-19, virus, and SARS-CoV-2.
From the analysis of these studies compared with new information on the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2, we identified several ways in which adverse bio-effects of WCR exposure interact with COVID-19 manifestations and classified our findings into five categories.
5. RESULTS
(a) changes in blood
Exposure to WCR can cause morphological changes in blood that are easily seen via phase contrast or dark field microscopy of live peripheral blood samples. In 2013, Havas observed erythrocyte aggregation including rouleaux (coils of stacked red blood cells) in live peripheral blood samples after 10 minutes of human exposure to a 2.4 GHz wireless phone [50]. Although not peer reviewed, one of us (Rubik) investigated the effect of 4G LTE mobile phone radiation on the peripheral blood of 10 human subjects, each of whom had been exposed to mobile phone radiation for two consecutive 45-minute intervals [study]. Two types of effects were observed: increased stickiness and clumping of red blood cells with rouleaux formation, and subsequent formation of echinocytes (spiky red blood cells). Clumping and aggregation of red blood cells are known to be actively involved in blood clotting [52]. The prevalence of this phenomenon with WCR exposure in humans has not yet been established. Larger controlled studies should be conducted to further investigate this phenomenon.
Similar changes in red blood cells have been described in peripheral blood from COVID-19 patients [study]. Rouleaux formation has been observed in 1/3 of COVID-19 patients, while spherocyte and echinocyte formation is more variable. The binding of spike proteins to ACE2 receptors on cells lining blood vessels can lead to endothelial damage even when isolated [study]. Rouleaux formation, especially in the setting of underlying endothelial damage, can clog the microcirculation, impeding oxygen transport, contributing to hypoxia and increasing the risk of thrombosis [study]. Thrombogenesis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection may also be caused by direct viral binding to ACE2 receptors on platelets [study].
Additional bleeding effects have been observed in both humans and animals exposed to WCR. In 1977, a Russian study reported that rodents irradiated with 5 - 8 mm waves (60 - 37 GHz) at 1 mW/cm2 for 15 min/day for 60 days developed haemodynamic disturbances, suppressed red blood cell formation, reduced haemoglobin, and an inhibition of oxygen utilisation (oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondria) [study]. In 1978, a three-year Russian study of 72 engineers exposed to millimetre-wave generators with radiation of 1 mW/cm2 or less showed a decrease in their haemoglobin and red blood cell count, and a tendency to hypercoagulation, while a control group showed no changes [57]. Such adverse haematological effects of WCR exposure may also contribute to the development of hypoxia and blood coagulation in COVID-19 patients.
In summary, both WCR and COVID-19 exposure may have adverse effects on red blood cells and reduced haemoglobin levels contributing to hypoxia in COVID-19. Endothelial damage may further contribute to hypoxia and many of the vascular complications observed in COVID-19 [study].
(b) oxidative stress
Oxidative stress is a non-specific pathological condition that reflects an imbalance between increased production of ROS and an inability of the organism to detoxify the ROS or repair the damage they cause to biomolecules and tissues [study]. Oxidative stress can disrupt cell signalling, cause the formation of stress proteins and generate highly reactive free radicals, which can cause damage to DNA and cell membranes.
SARS-CoV-2 inhibits intrinsic pathways designed to reduce ROS levels, increasing morbidity. Immune dysregulation, have been identified in the cytokine storm associated with severe COVID-19 infections and causes oxidative stress [study]. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction can further fuel the cytokine storm, exacerbate tissue damage and increase the risk of serious illness and death.
Similarly, WCR generates low-level ROS in cells that cause oxidative damage. In fact, oxidative stress is considered one of the main mechanisms by which exposure to WCR causes cellular damage. Of the 100 currently available peer-reviewed studies investigating the low-intensity oxidative effects of WCR, 93 have confirmed that WCR induces oxidative effects in biological systems [study]. WCR is an oxidant with high pathogenic potential, especially with continuous exposure [study].
Many studies report oxidative stress in humans exposed to WCR. Peraica et al [study] found reduced blood levels of glutathione in workers exposed to WCR from radar equipment (0.01 mW/cm2 - 10 mW/cm2; 1.5 - 10.9 GHz). Garaj-Vrhovac et al [study] investigated bio-effects following exposure to non-thermal pulsed microwaves from maritime radar (3 GHz, 5.5 GHz, and 9.4 GHz) and reported reduced glutathione levels and increased malondialdehyde (marker for oxidative stress) in an occupationally exposed group [study]. Blood plasma from individuals living near mobile phone base stations showed significantly reduced glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels compared to unexposed controls [study]. In a study of human exposure to WCR from mobile phones, increased blood levels of lipid peroxide were reported, while the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in red blood cells decreased, indicating oxidative stress [study].
In a study in rats exposed to 2450 MHz (wireless router frequency), oxidative stress was implicated in causing lysis of red blood cells (haemolysis) [study]. In another study, rats exposed 7 hours a day for 8 days to 945 MHz (base station frequency) at 0.367 mW/cm2 showed low glutathione levels and increased malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity, features of oxidative stress [study]. In a long-term controlled study in rats exposed to 900 MHz (mobile phone frequency) at 0.0782 mW/cm2 for 2 hours a day for 10 months, there was a significant increase in malondialdehyde and total oxidant status compared to controls [study]. In another long-term controlled study in rats exposed for 7 months to two mobile phone frequencies, 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz, at a power density of 0.04 - 0.127 mW/cm2 for 2 h/day, significant changes were found in oxidant-antioxidant parameters, DNA strand breaks and oxidative DNA damage [study].
There is a correlation between oxidative stress and thrombogenesis [study]. ROS can cause endothelial dysfunction and cellular damage. The endothelial lining of the vascular system contains ACE2 receptors targeted by SARS-CoV-2. The resulting endotheliitis can cause luminal narrowing and result in reduced blood flow to downstream structures. Thrombi in arterial structures can further impede blood flow and cause ischaemia and/or infarction in affected organs, including pulmonary emboli and strokes. Abnormal blood clotting leading to micro-emboli was a recognised complication early in the history of COVID-19 [study]. Of 184 ICU COVID-19 patients, 31% showed thrombotic complications [study]. Cardiovascular coagulopathy is a common cause of death from COVID-19 [study]. Pulmonary embolism, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hepatic, cardiac and renal failure have all been observed in COVID-19 patients [study].
Oxidative stress is caused by exposure to WCR and is known to be associated with cardiovascular disease. Ubiquitous environmental exposure to WCR may contribute to cardiovascular disease by creating a chronic state of oxidative stress [study]. This would lead to oxidative damage to cellular components and alter signal transduction pathways. Moreover, pulse-modulated WCR can cause oxidative damage in liver, lung, testis and heart tissue, mediated by lipid peroxidation, increased levels of nitric oxides, and suppression of the antioxidant defence mechanism [study].
In summary, oxidative stress is an important component in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and in cellular damage induced by WCR exposure.
(c) Disruption of the immune system
In response to COVID-19 infection, both an immediate systemic innate immune response and a delayed adaptive response have been shown to occur [study]. The virus can also cause a dysregulation of the immune response, particularly in the reduced production of T lymphocytes. [study]. Severe cases of COVID-19 show the greatest decline in T lymphocytes.
In comparison, WCR studies on low-level experimental animals also show reduced immune function [study]. The findings include physical changes in immune cells, a breakdown of immunological responses, inflammation and tissue damage. Baranski [study] exposed guinea pigs and rabbits to continuous or pulse-modulated 3000 MHz microwaves at an average power density of 3.5 mW/cm2 for 3 hours/day for 3 months and found non-thermal changes in lymphocyte counts, nuclear structure abnormalities and mitosis in the erythroblasts cell series in bone marrow and in lymphoid cells in lymph nodes and spleen. Other researchers have shown reduced T lymphocytes or suppressed immune function in animals exposed to WCR. Rabbits exposed to 2.1 GHz at 5mW/cm2 for 3 h/day, 6 days/week, for 3 months, showed suppression of T-lymphocytes [study]. Rats exposed to 2.45 GHz and 9.7 GHz for 2 h/day, 7 days/week, for 21 months showed a significant decrease in lymphocyte content and an increase in mortality at 25 months in the irradiated group [study]. Lymphocytes derived from rabbits irradiated at 2.45 GHz for 23 hours/day for 6 months showed significant suppression of the immune response to a mitogen [study].
In 2009, Johansson conducted a literature review, including the 2007 Bioinitiative Report. He concluded that electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure, including WCR, can disrupt the immune system and cause allergic and inflammatory responses at exposure levels significantly below current national and international safety limits and increase the risk of systemic disease [study]. A review conducted by Szmigielski in 2013 concluded that weak RF/microwave fields, such as those emitted by mobile phones, can affect various immune functions both in vitro and in vivo [study]. Although the effects are somewhat inconsistent historically, most studies document changes in the number and activity of immune cells as a result of RF exposure. In general, short-term exposure to weak microwave radiation can temporarily stimulate innate or adaptive immune responses, but long-term irradiation inhibits those same functions.
In people with severe disease, an uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines - a cytokine storm - may occur. Cytokine storms arise from unbalanced T-cell activation with dysregulated release of IL-6, IL-17 and other cytokines. Programmed cell death (apoptosis), ARDS, DIC, and multi-organ failure can all result from a cytokine storm and increase the risk of mortality.
Microwave radiation exposure, even at low levels (0.1 - 0.5 mW/cm2), can impair immune function, causing physical changes in the essential cells of the immune system and a degradation of immunological responses [study]. Szabo et al ( study ) investigated the effects of 61.2 GHz exposure on epidermal keratinocytes and found an increase in IL-1b, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Makar et al (study) found that immunosuppressed mice irradiated for 3 days 30 min/day by 42.2 GHz showed increased levels of TNF-α, a cytokine produced by macrophages.
In summary, COVID-19 can lead to immune dysregulation and cytokine storms. In comparison, low-level exposure to WCR, as observed in animal studies, can also impair the immune system, with chronic daily exposure leading to immunosuppression or immune dysregulation including hyperactivation.
(d) Increase in intracellular calcium
Intracellular Ca2+ is essential for virus entry, replication and release. It has been reported that some viruses can manipulate voltage-gated calcium channels to increase intracellular Ca2+, facilitating viral entry and replication [study]. Studies have shown that the interaction between a virus and voltage-gated calcium channels promotes viral entry upon virus-host cell fusion (study ). Thus, after the virus binds to its receptor on a host cell and enters the cell via endocytosis, the virus takes over the host cell to produce its components. Certain viral proteins then manipulate calcium channels, increasing intracellular Ca2+, which facilitates further viral replication.
Exposure to WCR can increase virus infectivity by increasing intracellular Ca2+, which can also indirectly contribute to inflammatory processes and thrombosis.
(e) Cardiac problems
COVID-19 patients usually show elevated levels of cardiac troponin, indicating damage to the heart muscle [study]. Cardiac damage is associated with cardiac arrhythmias and increased mortality. Cardiac damage is more often attributed to pulmonary emboli and viral sepsis, but direct infection of the heart, i.e. myocarditis, can occur through direct viral binding to ACE2 receptors on cardiac pericytes, affecting local and regional blood flow to the heart [study].
Immune system activation and immune system changes may lead to instability and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques, i.e. increased risk of thrombus formation, and contribute to the development of acute coronary events and cardiovascular disease in COVID-19.
Regarding the bioeffects of WCR exposure, Christopher Dodge of the Division of Biosciences, U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington DC, reviewed 54 articles in 1969 and reported that radiofrequency radiation can adversely affect all major systems of the body, including interfering with blood circulation, altering blood pressure and heart rate, affecting electrocardiographic measurements and causing chest pain and palpitations [study]. In the 1970s, Glaser reviewed more than 2,000 publications on bio-effects of radiofrequency radiation exposure and concluded that microwave radiation can alter the electrocardiogram, cause chest pain, hypercoagulation, thrombosis and hypertension, in addition to myocardial infarction [2 studies]. Seizures, convulsions and changes in autonomic nervous system response (increased sympathetic stress response) have also been observed.
Since then, many other researchers have concluded that exposure to WCR can affect the cardiovascular system. Although the nature of the primary response to millimetre waves and the resulting events are poorly understood, a possible role for receptor structures and neural pathways in the development of millimetre-wave-induced arrhythmia has been proposed [study]. A 1997 review reported that some researchers detected cardiovascular changes, including arrhythmias, in humans as a result of long-term low-level exposure to WCR, including microwaves [study].
Havas et al [study] reported that human subjects in a controlled, double-blind study were hyperreactive when exposed to 2.45 GHz, digitally pulsed (100 Hz) microwave radiation, developing either arrhythmia or tachycardia and upregulation of the sympathetic nervous system, which is associated with the stress response. Saili et al [study] found that exposure to Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz pulsed at 10 Hz) affects heart rate, blood pressure and the efficacy of catecholamines on the cardiovascular system, suggesting that WCR may act directly and/or indirectly on the cardiovascular system. Recently, Bandara and Weller [study] showed that people living near radar installations (millimetre waves: 5G frequencies) are at higher risk of developing cancer and having a heart attack. Occupationally exposed people also have a higher risk of coronary heart disease. Microwave radiation affects the heart, and some people are more vulnerable if they have an underlying heart defect [study]. More recent research suggests that millimetre waves can act directly on the pacemaker cells of the heart's sinoatrial node to alter stroke frequency, which may underlie arrhythmias and other heart problems [study].
In summary, both exposure to COVID-19 and WCR may directly and/or indirectly affect the heart and cardiovascular system.
6. DISCUSSION
We postulate that WCR may have contributed to the early spread and severity of COVID-19. Once an agent establishes itself in a community, its virulence increases [sudie]. This premise can be applied to the COVID-19 pandemic. We suspect that the "hot spots" of the disease that initially spread around the world may have been fuelled by air travel, which in some areas accompanied the introduction of 5G. However, once the disease became established in those communities, it could more easily spread to neighbouring regions where the population was less exposed to WCR. Second and third waves of the pandemic spread widely in communities with and without WCR, as might be expected.
The COVID-19 pandemic provided us with an opportunity to further investigate the potential adverse effects of WCR exposure on human health. Human exposure to WCR in the environment increased significantly in 2020 as a "side effect" of the pandemic. Home stay measures to stop the spread of COVID-19 inadvertently led to increased public exposure to WCR, as people carried out more business and school-related activities via wireless communication. Telemedicine created another source of exposure to WCR. Even hospital patients, especially ICU patients, became more exposed to WCR as new monitoring equipment used wireless communication systems that can exacerbate health problems.
7. CONCLUSION
There is significant overlap in pathobiology between COVID-19 and exposure to WCR. The evidence presented here suggests that mechanisms involved in the clinical progression of COVID-19 may also be elicited by WCR exposure according to experimental data. Therefore, we propose a link between adverse bioeffects of WCR exposure from wireless devices and COVID-19.
Specifically, the evidence presented here supports the hypothesis that WCR and in particular 5G, which represents a densification of 4G, may have exacerbated the COVID-19 pandemic by weakening host immunity and increasing the virulence of SARS-CoV-2 by (1) inducing morphological changes in erythrocytes, including the formation of echinocytes and rouleaux that may contribute to hypercoagulation; (2) impeding microcirculation and lowering erythrocyte and haemoglobin levels, thereby exacerbating hypoxia; (3) enhancement of immune dysfunction, including immunosuppression, autoimmunity and hyperinflammation; (4) increase in cellular oxidative stress and production of free radicals exacerbating vascular injury and organ damage; (5) increase in intracellular Ca2+ which is essential for virus entry, replication and release, in addition to promoting pro-inflammatory pathways; and (6) worsening of cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac dysfunction.
WCR exposure is a widespread but often neglected environmental stressor that can cause a wide range of adverse bio-effects. For decades, independent scientists worldwide have highlighted the health risks and cumulative damage caused by WCR [2 studies]. Methods to reduce exposure to WCR should be provided to all patients and the general population.
Afterword :
The study authors argue that electromagnetic radiation, including 5G, may have exacerbated the Covid19 pandemic. The disease symptoms due to exposure to WCR are almost identical to those of Covid19. The Sars-Cov2 virus has never been isolated according to Koch's postulates. Does that virus even exist? Isn't the Covid19 pandemic a cover for the activation of 5G which had long been known to cause side effects in humans ? With this study, we are already one step closer to the truth.
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